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Summary

The research paper is based Cascading adaptation of rural livelihood to the changing environment Conceptual framework and experiment from the Koshi River basin, 2020. It is about Rural communities in the Koshi River basin, part of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas, struggling with floods, droughts, and other climate-related challenges. Traditional single-purpose adaptation methods often can't address the complex issues caused by cascading climate change effects. To bridge this gap, they created a flexible multi-dimensional adaptation framework called SITS, considering adaptation dimensions like structure, issue, time, and space. SITS offers a comprehensive approach for adapting at the transboundary river basin level, potentially enhancing resilience and livelihoods when implemented effectively. Using this framework, four adaptation pathways were explored: reducing disaster impacts, improving resource access, ensuring equal livelihood opportunities, and strengthening cooperation. These findings highlight the need for diverse and simultaneous adaptation strategies to tackle climate change.